[The Month's Sky]
[History of Astronomy]
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The Scale of the Universe (Time)This is an easy-to-understand scale of the Universe.
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The Cosmic Year is assumed to be equivalent to 13,798,000,000 real years (which is the current figure for the age of the Universe plus or minus 37 million years).
With this scale 1 day in the Cosmic Year represents 37,800,000 years (roughly the uncertainty in the age of the Universe).
1 hour of the Cosmic Year is equivalent to 1,580,000 years.
1 second of the Cosmic Year is worth approximately 438 real years on this scale.
Event | Calendar Date and Time | |
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The Big Bang occurs | 1 January at Midnight | |
Stable atoms form | 1 January at 00:24:31 | |
We can detect the radiation from this event |
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First stars and galaxies form (including our Galaxy, the Milky Way) | around 15 March | |
Formation of the Sun | 31 August | |
For the first TWO THIRDS of the Univese neither the Sun or Earth existed |
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Formation of the Earth | 3 September | |
Formation of the Moon | 4 September | |
Formation of the Earth's atmosphere | 11 September | |
Oldest Earth rocks | 20 September | |
Earliest evidence of life on Earth | 21 September | |
Oldest known fossils (single celled organisms) | 7 October | |
Formation of stable continents Beginning of photosynthesis |
12 October | |
Formation of extensive shallow seas | 28 October | |
Oxygen in Earth's atmosphere as a by-product of photosynthesis This killed off most organisms as it was poisonous to them Other organisms evolved to use oxygen |
29 October | |
Development of complex cells (eukaryotes) | 9 November | |
Multi-cellular life develops Sexual reproduction develops This speeded up genetic exchange and hence evolution |
5 December | |
Worldwide glaciation freezes Earth | 7 December | |
This is a planet wide effect and not the recent ice ages in the Northern Hemisphere |
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Worldwide glaciation ends | 13 December | |
First animals | 14 December | |
First shellfish and corals Ozone in upper atmosphere reduces ultraviolet radiation |
19 December | |
First vertebrates (fishes) | 20 December | |
First land plants | 21 December | |
First insects | early 22 December | |
First terapods (fish-like amphibians) and seed bearing plants | late 22 December | |
First reptiles | 23 December 5:26pm | |
First mammal-like reptiles | 24 December 4:48pm | |
First dinosaurs | 26 December 6:26pm | |
First mammals (egg-layers and marsupials) | 26 December 9:21pm | |
First birds | 28 December 8:24am | |
First flowering plants | 28 December 5:10pm | |
First placental mammals | 29 December 1:36pm | |
This is the class of animals that includes humans |
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Extinction of the dinosaurs | 30 December 10:02am | |
First primates | 30 December 4:27pm | |
We are now in the final day of the Cosmic Year |
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First monkeys | 31 December 0:38am | |
First apes | 31 December 6:05am | |
First hominids | 31 December 2:24pm | |
First primitive humans First use of stone tools |
31 December 10:24pm | |
First use of fire | 31 December 11:44pm | |
Homo Sapiens (modern humans) develop in Africa | 31 December 11:52pm | |
Modern human beings appear in the final 8 minutes of the Cosmic Year |
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Homo Sapiens begins to colonise the world replacing other hominids | 31 December 11:58pm | |
Human beings leave Africa, their continent of origin, in the final 2 minutes of the Cosmic Year |
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Last ice age (maximum extent) Humans migrate to the Americas |
31 December 11:59:14pm | |
Ancient Mesopotamia Domestication of plants and animals Permanent settlements Invention of writing |
31 December 11:59:41pm | |
All written human history occurs in the final 19 seconds of the Cosmic Year |
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Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Hinduism |
31 December 11:59:50pm | |
Ancient China Judaism |
31 December 11:59:53.3pm | |
Ancient Greece Buddhism Persia Nazca Civilisation Phonoecia |
31 December 11:59:54.7pm | |
Roman Empire Christianity Moche Civilisation |
31 December 11:59:55.8pm | |
The year 1 (CE) of the Western (Gregorian Calendar) is 4.2 seconds from the end of the Cosmic Year |
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Mayan Civilisation Islam |
31 December 11:59:57.0pm | |
Islamic and Moorish Empires Kublai Khan Incas Mongols |
31 December 11:59:58.4pm | |
Ottoman Empire Galileo Europeans in the Americas Europeans in Australia |
31 December 11:59:59.2pm | |
Major continents explored in the final 0.8 seconds of the Cosmic Year |
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French Revolution USA Independence |
31 December 11:59:59.5pm | |
World War I Albert Einstein Edwin Hubble Soviet Union |
31 December 11:59:59.8pm | |
European Union Space flight |
31 December 11:59:59.90pm | |
Exploration of the Universe outside the Earth begins in the final 0.1 seconds of the Cosmic Year. |
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Year 2000 (Gregorian Calendar) | 31 December 11:59:59.97pm | |
Present | 31 December at Midnight |
By definition, we are currently at the end of the first Cosmic Year.
Length of Day increases by 1 second | 1 January at 00:01:45 | |
Constellations no longer recognisable | 1 January at 00:03:30 | |
East Africa splits off after Great Rift Valley flooded | 1 January at 05:50 | |
Mediterranean Sea closes Gregorian Calendar has Northern Hemisphere Summer in late December |
2 January at 04:12 | |
The Sun (and Earth) will have completed an orbit around the Galactic centre | 6 January | |
The Moon will be too far from the Earth to cause a Total Eclipse of the Sun | 14 January | |
Because of increase in Sun's luminosity, plate tectonics slows and stops This lowers atmospheric carbon dioxide to the point where photosynthesis stops Most higher plants die |
14 January | |
Atmospheric carbon dioxide falls to a level that kills all multi-cellular life | 19 January | |
The Sun's luminosity increases by 10% A wet green house effect causes the evaporation of the Earth's oceans |
24 January | |
All non-bacteriological life extinct | 1 February | |
Earth's liquid core solidifies shutting down the magnetic field | 25 February | |
Earth's surface temperature reaches 147 degrees (C) killing all life | 9 March | |
The Moon's distance from the Earth has increased to the point where the Earth's axial tilt becomes chaotic | 14 March | |
Earth's surface conditions comparable to Venus in the current era | 26 March | |
Andromeda Galaxy collides with our Galaxy - no effect on the Earth | 7 April | |
Sun begins to expand into a Red Giant star becoming hundreds of times more luminous | 11 May | |
Sun reaches its maximum size as a Red Giant and swallows the Earth | 11 July | |
Sun becomes a tiny White Dwarf star after shedding much of its mass | 13 July | |
Sun cools to the point where it is no longer emitting light | 16 December | |
The expansion of the Universe places all galaxies outside the Local Group beyond observation | 6 years 7 months | |
The 47 galaxies of the Local Group coalesce into one large galaxy | 30 years | |
Star formation ends as galactic gas depleted | 650 years | |
All stars are non-energy producing remnants | 8000 years | |
The Sun will have cooled to 5 degrees above Absolute Zero | 65000 years |
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